Multiple Concurrent Stressors in Chicks.

Environmental temperature, space allowance, and regrouping: Additive effects of multiple concurrent stressors in growing pigs

Materials and methods: Two hundred and fifty-six growing pigs (Yorkshire × Hampshire or purebred Duroc barrows and gilts, initial body weight 34.7 ± 0.5 kg) were used in a randomized block design with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine effects on hematologic and behavioral measures of environmental temperature (constant-thermoneutral at 24 ̊C or cycling-high from 28 ̊C t...

Multiple Stressors in Marine Systems

Physiological, growth, and immune responses of Japanese quail chicks to the multiple stressors of immunological challenge and lead shot.

Exposure to the combination of a contaminant and an immunological challenge during development may greatly increase the impact of either or both of these stressors on an individual. This study investigated the interacting effects of a nonpathogenic immunological challenge and lead shot exposure early in the development of a precocial species. Seventy-one quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chick...

Implications for environmental health of multiple stressors.

Recent insights into the mechanisms underlying the biological effects of low dose effects of ionising radiation have revealed that similar mechanisms can be induced by chemical stressors in the environment. This means that interactions between radiation and chemicals are likely and that the outcomes following mixed exposures to radiation and chemicals may not be predictable for human health, by...

Reconceptualizing synergism and antagonism among multiple stressors

The potential for complex synergistic or antagonistic interactions between multiple stressors presents one of the largest uncertainties when predicting ecological change but, despite common use of the terms in the scientific literature, a consensus on their operational definition is still lacking. The identification of synergism or antagonism is generally straightforward when stressors operate ...